The number of schools within the jurisdiction of the city, omitting the Nautical School, exceeds 500. Of corporate schools, orphan asylums, and industrial schools there are above 50, with an average attendance of some 18,000. The College of the City of New York  at Lexington Avenue and Twenty-third Street, was established in 1847 under the name of the New York Free Academy. It will soon move to handsome buildings, estimated to cost $4,000,000, at 138th and Convent Avenue.

The Normal College, at Sixty-ninth Street and Park Avenue, has accommodations for 1600 students. There is also a State Normal School at Jamaica, in the Borough of Queens. An important work of the Department of Education is the lecture system, under which free evening lectures are given in a number of places from October to May. The Board of Education also provides free night schools. The most important of the private educational institutions is Columbia University (q.v.), on Morningside Heights. Barnard College (q.v.) for women, and the Teacher's College, for both sexes, are affiliated with the University.

The College of Physicians and Surgeons (the medical department of the university) occupies extensive buildings on Sixtieth Street, near Roosevelt Hospital. Barnard College and Teachers College, with which is incorporated the Horace Mann School, also have suitable buildings of their own on Morningside Heights. New York University (q.v) maintains professional departments in the Borough of Manhattan, and undergraduate and engineering schools at University Heights, in the Borough of the Bronx. Its main site, in the Bronx, on the heights overlooking the Harlem, is one of singular beauty. Here is the Hall of Fame (q.v.). The Union Theological Seminary, which has academic relations with New York and Columbia universities, is at Fourth Avenue and Sixty-ninth Street. It is one of the chief training schools for ministers of the Presbyterian Church.

The Protestant Episcopal Church maintains its General Theological Seminary in a group of beautiful buildings, modeled after the Oxford college type, at Ninth Avenue and Twentieth Street. The new building of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, in 123d Street, between Amsterdam Avenue and Broadway, was dedicated in 1903. Cooper Union occupies a prominent place among the educational institutions of the city. Its classes, with very few exceptions, are entirely free. The attendance is large. Saint John's College, at Fordham, in the Borough of the Bronx, the College of Saint Francis Xavier, and Manhattan College are important institutions under control of the Catholic Church. Cornell University (q.v.) maintains part of its medical department in New York City. Among independent professional institutions are the New York Law School; the New York Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, and the Eclectic Medical College; the New York College of Dentistry and the New York Dental School; and the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York.

Manhattan College

A Roman Catholic institution in New York City, under the control of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. It was opened in 1849 as an academy for young men under the name of the Academy of the Holy Name, and was incorporated under its present name in 1863. It has an arts and a science department, conferring the degrees of B.A. and B.S. Besides the college proper there are an academic, a commercial, and a preparatory department. A course in civil engineering, leading to the C.E. degree, is also offered. In 1903 the registration was 561 and the faculty numbered 38. The college library contained 12,000 volumes. The income was $46,940.

American Academy of Dramatic Arts

A training school for the stage, established by Franklin Sargent in New York City in 1884, and chartered by the regents of the State of New York in 1889. It offers a two years' course of systematic instruction, and aims to harmonize the psychologic with the technical side of the stage. In 1897 the Empire Theatre Dramatic School was placed under the management of the
Academy. The senior class offers several public performances, thus enabling the students to test their abilities in actual practice.

General Theological Seminary

The leading seminary in the United States of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The seminary was established by order of the General Convention in 1817, and instruction was begun in New York City in 1819. In 1820 the seminary was removed to New Haven, but was reestablished in New York in 1822 on a part of the plot of land given in 1819 by Clement C. Moore. That land now forms the entire area between Twentieth and Twenty-first streets, Ninth Avenue and the North River. For many years the seminary suffered severely from financial deficiencies, and it was not until the administration of Eugene A. Hoffman, dean of the school from 1878 until his death in 1902, that it was placed upon an independent basis. Dean Hoffman's gifts alone amounted to $1,000,000 or over, while in 1902 the total resources of the seminary were not less than $4,000,000. The theological course proper extends over three years, and there is also a post-graduate course.

The degrees of D.D. and B.D. are conferred; the former is both a higher academic and an honorary degree, while the latter is usually conferred in course on students holding prior academic degrees, who have completed the regular course in high standing. The control of the seminary is vested in a board of trustees composed of the bishops of the Church, Twenty-five members elected
by the General Convention, and certain other members elected by the various dioceses, principally that of New York. The student attendance is approximately 150. No tuition fee is charged, and many prizes of value are offered. Within twenty-five years the student body has largely increased, and extensive buildings have been erected, including the library, Hoffman Hall, the Chapel of the Good Shepherd, and nine dormitories

Normal College

An institution for the training of teachers, in New York City, founded in 1869 and having its inception in the growing demand for professionally trained teachers in the public schools of New York. Previous to its foundation the secondary education of women in New York was supplied by private schools and the supplementary classes of the public grammar schools. The inadequacy of this method was, however, soon felt and as early as 1847 the State Legislature contemplated an institution similar to the City College. (See New York, College of the City of.) In 1856 a Daily Normal School was actually established, but it ceased to exist after a precarious career of about three years. The Saturday Normal School was then organized for the training of teachers. While these make-shifts were being resorted to in New York, the State at large was rapidly increasing its number of normal schools and otherwise multiplying the facilities for the training of teachers. This educational awakening throughout the State had the effect of hastening the establishment of a normal institution in New York City.

In 1869 the Board of Education was empowered to establish a female institution similar to the City College, and the same year the Normal and High School was established. The name was changed in the following year to Normal College. The pupils of the various supplementary classes were admitted to advanced standing and a three years' course was organized. The task of arranging the work of the new institution fell to Dr. Thomas Hunter, the president since its inception. Under his vigorous administration the college grew rapidly. A building erected on the block bounded by Lexington and Park Avenues and Sixty-eighth and Sixty-ninth streets, at a cost of over $350,000 was opened in 1873. A model primary school was opened for practice teaching at an additional cost of $80,000, and the first free public kindergarten in the United States was established at the Normal College in 1871.

The Board of Education and the president of the college have since its organization constituted an ex officio board of trustees. The attendance, which in 1870 numbered 969, with a graduating class of 97, increased by 1902 to 2844. In the same year the staff of instructors, including those in the training department, numbered 101. The total number of graduates since the foundation of the college was in 1902, over 9000. There has been a constant tendency to raise the requirements for graduation; the course was extended to four years in 1879, to five, for students taking a degree, in 1888, and in 1902 a professional course of six and a collegiate course of seven years were organized, the institution thus being raised to the standard required by the University of the State of New York for degree-conferring institutions. The college includes five fully equipped laboratories and the Alumnae library. High school graduates are admitted to advanced standing.

Packer Collegiate Institute

A school for girls in Brooklyn, N.Y., chartered in 1853, replacing the Brooklyn Female Academy, destroyed by fire in 1852. The new school was founded on a gift of $65,000 by Mrs. Harriet L. Packer. It has primary, preparatory, academic, and collegiate departments. The attendance in 1902 was 587, including 110 collegiate, 261 academic, 180 preparatory, and 36 primary students, and the faculty numbered 49. The institute has thoroughly equipped buildings, valued in 1902 at $222,047, the total valuation of its property being $277,860. The library contained 8479 volumes.

Teacher's College

An institution in New York City for the training of teachers and school administrators, founded in 1888, and made a part of the educational system of Columbia University (q.v.) in 1898, taking academic rank with the schools of law, medicine, and applied science. The college is represented in the Columbia University Council by its dean and an elected representative of the faculty, but maintains its separate corporate organization, with a board of trustees who assume the entire financial responsibility for its maintenance. The departments of instruction are history and philosophy of education, educational administration, educational psychology, elementary and secondary education, English, French, and German, Greek and Latin, history, biology, geography, physics and chemistry, mathematics, kindergarten, fine arts, domestic art, domestic science, manual training, music and voice training, and physical education . No department undertakes work for which adequate provision is made in other faculties of the university. The college maintains two schools of observation and practice: the Horace Mann School with kindergarten, an elementary school, and special classes in sewing, cooking, and manual training. The large demand for university extension work in 1902-03, when 45 courses were given, led to the establishment of an extension department, beginning in September, 1903. The buildings, five in number, were valued in 1903 at $2,000,000, when the endowment was $190,000, and the gross income $230,000. The total registration was 3018, including 729 collegiate students, 1093 in the Teacher's College schools, and 1196 extension students. The Bryson Library contains 22,000 volumes.

College of Saint Francis Xavier

A Roman Catholic institution in the city of New York, founded in 1847 and endowed with collegiate powers in 1861. It is conducted by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and is intended for day scholars only. The college comprises three departments---the college proper, the graduate school, and the high school department---and confers the degrees of B.A. and M.A. In 1902 it had a library of about 100,000 volumes, 32 instructors, and 650 students in all departments.

Eclectic School of Medicine or New School of Medicine

The modern representative of a school of medical thought which existed as early as B.C. 200. Its adherents contended that the wisdom of the various schools was a vain thing, and that the individual could choose for himself between the good and the bad. They, therefore, rejected all knowledge gained by the experience of others. The modern revival took place in America in the
early part of the nineteenth century. The modern eclectic professes still to take what is best in medicine, and is still an individualist. In 1826 an eclectic college was founded in New York by Wooster Beach, who was the author of several text-books for the school. Soon afterwards schools were established in Ohio and other States, and at a later period regular colleges in New York, Chicago, and other cities. State societies were formed, and in 1870 the National Eclectic Medical Association was incorporated by the New York Legislature. In 1897 there were 22 eclectic medical colleges, with approximately 750 students. The prominent feature of the school is the theoretical rejection of mercury and most other mineral substances in medicine. Another distinctive point in modern eclectic practice is the use of native medicinal plants, and from the studies of some American eclectic teachers much useful information has been gained respecting these plants. Consult: Beach, The American Practice of Medicine (New York, 1838); Wilder, History of Medicine (New Sharon, Maine, 1901).

Pratt Institute

A coeducational school for manual and industrial training, in Brooklyn, N.Y., established in 1887 by Charles Pratt. Besides the high school, which provides a general education, the institute comprises normal, technical, and trade departments, with a total attendance, in 1902 allowing for duplications, of 3183 (2100 being women), distributed as follows: High school, 262 ; fine arts, 927 ; domestic arts, 757 ; domestic science, 250 ; science and technology, 611 ; kindergarten, 166 ; library, 38 ; gymnasium, 524. The department of domestic art is especially known for its excellent courses in cooking and sewing. A banking institution, known as the Thrift, is maintained for saving and investment by the students. The Institute conducts both day and evening classes, and as it has a liberal endowment, amounting in 1902 to $2,383,926, it makes merely nominal charges for tuition. The buildings, which are seven in number, well-equipped with excellent laboratories and museums, were valued in 1902 at $1,179,473, and the income was $144,093. The library contains 76,000 volumes. The management is in the hands of a board of five trustees under the presidency of Charles M. Pratt.

Polytechnic Institute

A school of science and liberal arts in Brooklyn, N.Y., established in 1854. It granted its first degrees in arts and sciences in 1871 by special authority of the Regents of the State University, and in 1890 was reorganized and received a broad college charter. It now confers the degrees of bachelor of arts and of science, master of arts and of science, and civil, electrical, and mechanical engineer. During the early years of its history the Polytechnic was known as a successful preparatory school, and it still maintains a preparatory department, as a separate institution, which in 1903 had 525 students, while the Institute had an attendance of 110, with 50 instructors in all departments. The library contained 12,000 volumes.

Adelphi College

An American college, situated at 66 St. James Place, Brooklyn, New York City. It was incorporated 1896, grants the degrees A.B. and B.S., and maintains subordinate normal, art, and musical departments, besides a preparatory academy. It has a library of 8000 volumes: faculty, 1901, 34 ; students, 166 collegiate, 22 normal, 199 art, and 30 music. The college moved to Garden City in 1929.